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1. Real Money Value Currency Drift Download
2. Real Money Value Currency Driftwood

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Indeed, North Vietnamese currency designers thought there was little likelihood anyone would duplicate their money since, like other Communist money, it has no value beyond North Vietnam's borders. In addition, the Party stringently controlled internal printing presses, leaving only the real threat from SOG or the CIA.

• The value of currency is determined by its selling and purchase price as a commodity. This is affected by the amount of currency that is bought. When a currency is very popular and many people buy it, then its value increases. However, when a currency is not purchased often, then its value decreases.
• Style drift is the divergence of a fund from its investment style or objective. Style drift can result naturally from capital appreciation in one asset relative to others in a portfolio.

In the early days of Texas, a variety of currencies served as cash, including Spanish and Mexican money, bank notes from various U.S. states, and currency issued by private companies (call shinplasters). The Republic of Texas first issued paper money in 1837. This currency was called 'star money' for the small star on the face of the bill. The star money was not face value currency, but rather interest-bearing notes (similar to a treasury bill) that circulated by being endorsed over to the next payee. In 1838, Texas issued change notes with elaborate designs on the front and blank backs.

The so-called Texas 'redbacks' were issued in 1839. The government printed over two million dollars in redbacks, which were initially worth about 37 cents to a U.S. dollar.

Texas change note, 1838

Texas redback currency, 1839

By 1842, the redbacks had become virtually worthless and had lost the power of legal tender. Once again Texans used bank notes from other states and shinplasters instead of the Texas money.

A new series of currency, called exchequer bills, was issued in 1842. These were similar once again to treasury bills and little use was made of them by the general public.

The Republic of Texas had little in the way of silver and gold and never minted any coins.

Teachers and students: Want to print out the currency for a class project or just for fun? Click here to download a printable PDF file with the currency images, front and back.
Republic of Texas Currency.pdf (2.8MB)

<< Negotiating for Peace with Mexico | Republic of Texas Exhibit Home >>

Subject categories and links in this Republic of Texas online exhibit:

Prelude to War

The Long Expedition
The Turtle Bayou Resolutions

The Texas Revolution

Sam Houston's Call for Volunteers
The Texas Declaration of Independence
The Grass Fight
The Siege of Bexar
The Goliad Massacre
The Battle of the Alamo
The Battle of San Jacinto
The Treaties of Velasco

The Republic of Texas

The Archives War
The Mier Expedition
Negotiating for Peace with Mexico
Republic of Texas Currency

See Also:Handbook of Texas article on the Republic of Texas

NAZIGERMANY SILVER COINS

These four silver coins serve as a memento of the horrors of the ThirdReich. The 2 Reichsmark was issued from 1936 to 1939. It pictures Paulvon Hindenburg on one side and an eagle holding a wreathed swastika onthe other. It is 25mm in diameter and contains .1607 troy ounces ofsilver. Nazi Germany used three different designs on theirregularissue 5 Reichsmark coins. The first pictured the Potsdam MilitaryChurch, also called the Potsdam Garrison Church, on one side and aneagle and two small swastikas on the other. It was struck only from1934 to 1935. The Church was built by Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm Ibetween 1730 and 1735. Adolf Hitler was sworn in a Chancellor ofGermany by Paul von Hindenburg at the Church in 1933. It burned down inthe fires caused by the Allied bombing in 1945. The second type wasstruck during only during the last part of 1935 and the first part of1936. It pictured Paul von Hindenburg on one side and an eagle on theother. Starting in 1936 the Eagle reverse was replaced with an eagleholding a wreathed swastika, similar to the 2 Reichsmark. The Eagle andSwastika 5 Reichsmark was struck from 1936 to 1939. The silver 5Reichsmark coins are each 29mm in diameter and contains .4016 troyounces of silver. Because of the war, no Nazi silver coins were struckafter 1939. Coins grade Very Fine.

NAZIGERMAN 8 COIN SET

This set consists of the eight lower denominations of Nazi German coinseach showing the eagle and swastika. The 1937-1939 issues include the1, 2, 5 and 10 Reichspfennig made from copper or aluminum-bronzealloys. In 1939 an aluminum 50 Reichspfennig with the Eagle andSwastika was introduced, and wasproduced until 1944. In 1940 the 1, 5 and 10 Reichspfennigwere switched to zinc and the 2 Reichspfennig was discontinued due tothe war. All eight coins grade VF or better, though the zinc coins mayshow some spots as zinc spots very easily. The coins all feature thedenomination on one side and an eagle holding a swastika on the other.

NAZIGERMAN 14 COINSET

This 14 coin set includes the regular issue coins of NaziGermany listed above. Included are the following coins: The bronze 1and 2Reichspfennig issued from 1936 to 1940 with an eagle and swastika. Thealuminum-bronze (brass) 5 and 10 Reichspfennig issued from 1936 to 1939with an eagle and swastika. The aluminum 50 Reichspfennigpicturing an eagle, which was dated only one year, 1935. The nickel 1Reichsmark with an eagle which was issued from 1933 to 1939. Becausenickel was a critical war material, most were melted during theWar. The silver 5 Reichmark issued in 1934 and 1935 picturesthe Potsdam Garrison Church where Hitler was sworn into office on oneside and an eagle and two small swastikas on the other. Paulvon Hindenburg and an Eagle are on the silver 5 Reichsmark dated 1935and 1936. The silver 2 Reichsmark and 5 Reichsmarkdating from 1936 to 1939 pictures Hindenburg on one side and an eagleholding a swastika during the other. Because ofWorld War II, the only coins issued after 1940 were the zinc 1, 5 and10 Reichspfennig, which depict an eagle holding a swastika. The coinsgrade Very Fine or better, though the zinc coins may havesome spots. Because of the difficulty in obtaining all 14 coins at onetime, I rarely am able to offer this historic set.(Note: this set includes the coins from Nazi set of 4 silvercoins and the Nazi 8 coin set listed above, plus the aluminum 1935 50Reichspfennig which was issued that single year, and the scarce nickel1 Reichsmark)

NAZI GERMANCURRENCY

The following notes were used in Nazi Germany throughout World War IIand remained legal tender until 1948. The notes bear twodates: the date the note was first authorized, and the date the issuingbank was authorized to issue currency. Unlike coins, the date is notthe year the note was printed. These Reichsbank notes weresupposedly backed by gold.

100 REICHSMARKFEATURES SWASTIKA

The 1935 100 Reichsmark features a large swastika underprint at thecenter. To the right is Justus von Liebig, a 19th century Germanchemist who is called the 'Father of the Fertilizer Industry' for hisdiscovery ofnitrogen as an essential plant nutrient. The back depictsallegorical figures. The note was the highest denomination in generalcirculation. It was about half a month's pay for a skilledlaborer.

The 20 Reichsmark notedated 1929 portrays Ernst WernerSiemens, the 19th centuryGerman industralist and inventor who founded the Siemens A.G. which hasexpanded into a multi-national company producing a wide range products.The back featureschildren holding tools and a worker carrying ahammer. It has a watermark of Siemans at the leftandan embosed seal near the lower left corner. The notecontinued in circulation throughout World War II.

AUSTRIAN MAIDEN ON 1939NAZI GERMAN 20 REICHSMARK NOTE

In 1939 a new 20 Reichsmark note was introduced, with adesign takenfrom an unissued Austrian note. Austria had been forciblyincorporated into the Third Reich the previous year. Thefront depicts a young woman holding edelweiss, There is alsoa small eagle and swastika and a large swastika underprint. The back pictures an alpine lake. Both 20 Reichsmark notescontinued to circulate throughout the war years.



The 10 Reichsmark depictsAlbrecht Thaer, a 19th Century Germanagriculturalist who applied scientific principles to agriculture andset up one of the first agricultural colleges. The backfeatures two children and a woman carrying a sickle. The noteis dated January 22, 1929 and was issued until 1945.. It hasa watermark of Thaer at theright and an embosed seal near the lower left corner.

NAZI GERMANRENTENMARK NOTES

In 1937 Nazi Germany introduced 1 and 2 Rentenmark notes. TheRentenmark was equivalent to the Reichsmark however it was theissuing authority was the Rentenbank rather than the Reichsbank, hencethe different name.. TheReichsbank did not issue notes under 5 Reichsmarks so the Rentenbankwas utilized to issue these lower denomination notes. The Rentenbank'scurrency was backed by mortgages on land and industrialproperties rather than by gold. The emblem of theRentenbank was a sheaf of grain. The emblem appears both onthe back of the notes and in the embossed seal at the lower rightcorner of the notes. They were the last notes issued by the Rentenbank.The notes continued in circulation until 1948.

NAZI GERMAN CONVERSION FUNDNOTES USED TO PAY JEWS

Jewish and other refugees fleeing Nazi Germany would sometimes be paidfor their confiscated property with these Conversion Fund Notes,(called Konversionkasse fur Deutsche Auslandsschulden.) The notes werenot legal tender nor were they transferable. Redemption of the noteswas difficult, if not impossible. In most cases their ownersfound them to be eventually worthless. The original issue is dated1933. The 1934 has two red guiloches overprinted on the leftside of the 1933 notes, with the lower guiloche containing the date1934. The large sized notes measure 200 x 115mm. They arehistoric and rarely seen items.

NAZI OCCUPATIONCURRENCY

In order to control inflation and limit currency flows, Germany createda specialcurrency, called Reichskreditkassenschein for use in thenations overrun by Hitler's forces. The notes weredenominated in German Reichsmark but could only be spent in an occupiedcountry, not in Germany. German troops were paid in these notes, thuseffectively forcing the occupied nations to finance the cost of theiroccupation. The undated notes were issued from 1939 to1945. We offer the complete set of all six occupation notes:50 Pfennig, 1, 2, 5, 20 and 50 Reichsmark. The three lowerdenomination notes have no vignettes other than a small Germaneagle. The 5 Reichsmark pictures a factory worker and afarmer on the front and the Berlin War Memorial on the back. The 20Reichsmark depicts Albrecht Durer’s drawing “The Architect” on thefront and the Brandenburg Gate on the back. The 50 Reichsmarkfeatures the portrait of a woman on the front and Marienburg castle onthe back.

WWII GERMANARMED FORCESAUXILIARY PAYMENT CERTIFICATE

DuringWorldWar II Nazi Germany issued special notes known as Auxiliary PaymentCertificates. They were used to pay troops stationed in occupiednations. In an effort to keep the notes from circulating in the localeconomy they were worth ten times their face value if spent inauthorized military establishments or sent back toGermany. The notes have the denomination and twosmall Wehrmacht eagle and swastika emblems on the front. Theback is blank. The 1 Reichspfennig note was released in1942. It is printed on blue watermarked paper and is 88x43mm.

WORLD WAR IIGERMANMILITARY CURRENCY

Wehrmacht military currency was used by Nazi Germany to pay its troopsduring the final months of World War II. The notes are datedSeptember 15, 1944. Soldiers were paid in military scrip while intransit. When a soldier arrived at his post the notes could beconverted to the local currency or occupation notes. The notes all havesimilar designs. The front includes a small Eagle holding a Swastikaand the inscription 'VERRECHNUNGSSEN FUR DIE DEUTSCHE WEHRMACHT'(Clearing notes for German Armed Forces) The back of the note includesregulations and instructions on how to use the notes.They areinteresting and historic pieces of World War II military history.

NAZIGERMAN BONDS

These bonds were issued by Nazi Germanybetween 1935 and1942. The bonds had a lottery aspect, with a portion of thebonds being drawn each year for repayment. The 1935and 1936 bonds were issued by the Reich Debt Administration and carry anominal interest rate of 4 1/2%. The 1935 issue bear, theReich’s eagle from the Weimar Republic, the 1936 have the Nazi Eagle& Swastika emblem. The 1942 bonds were issued by thestate of Thuringia with a nominal interest rate of 3 1/2%. They havethe embossed Nazi eagle & swastikaemblem. The bonds measure approximately 8.5' x11.75' (21cmx 29.5cm) and have been canceled by a single hole punch. Thebonds have a remarkable history. Having been stored in theimpenetrable safe of the Reichsbank in Berlin, they survived the SecondWorld War unscathed by bombings. Even during the years of the GermanDemocratic Republic they went largely untouched. In 2015 theGerman Ministry of Finance had the bonds sold at auction, with theproceeds going to the Nazi Crimes Compensation Fund. They areremarkable and historic items of Nazi German economic history.

ALLIED MILITARYCURRENCY FOR OCCUPIED GERMANY

The Allied Military currency for Germany was created by the UnitedStates for use in Germany after the defeat of the Nazis. The notes aredated 1944 and have a simple design, with the denomination and legendsin German on the front and a large letter “M” for Mark, onthe back. As the Soviet Union participated in the occupationof Germany, they demanded that they too print a portion of thenotes. After great debate, the United States gave into theSoviet demand, and provided them with glass plates, inks, paper andspecimen notes. The Soviets then proceeded to print vastquantities of the notes, without regard to the wishes of the otherallies, fueling inflation in the war-torn country. There arehowever a few very minor differences that distinguish the United Statesissues and the Soviet issues. The United States issues wereprinted by Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company (Forbes Printing) inMassachusetts, and contain secret mark: a tiny letter 'F'hidden in the scrollwork. The exact location varied bydenomination. The plates provided to the Sovietsdid not have that 'F', so it is lacking on the Soviet issues. The Soviets did not have serial numbering equipment capable to printnine-digit number, so they combined a three digit and a six-digit blockfor their printings, which causes a slight gap between the third andforth digits. Forbes used a dash for the first digit tosignify a replacement note. The samples provided the Sovietswere replacement notes, so initially all the Soviet issues had a dashfor the first digit of the serial number – until they printed so manynotes that they needed all 9 digits. In 1948 the AlliedMilitary Currency was withdrawn and replaced with the currency of WestGermany and East Germany.
We are pleased to offer the following thefollowing selection historic Allied Military Currency notes used in theoccupation of Germany.

FASCISTITALY SILVER COIN OF VICTOR EMMANUEL III

Thissilver 5 Lire of Fascist Italy dates from 1927 to 1930. KingVictor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele III) is on theobverse. An eagle and fasces, the emblem of Fascist Italy ison the reverse. By 1927 Mussolini had turned Italy into adictatorship and the king was largely a figurehead. The 23mm coinweighs 5 grams and contains .1342 troy ounces of silver. Itis an historic silver coin of Fascist Italy.

FASCIST ITALYWORLD WAR II COINSET

This 6-coin World War II era set from Fascist Italy includes the 5, 10,20 & 50 Centesimi, 1 & 2 Lire dating from 1939 to 1943.The obverse of the coins depict King Victor Emmanuel III portrayed as aRoman Emperor. The coins reverses all include a fasces in thedesign, in an attempt to show that Mussolini and the Fascists were thepower behind the throne. The 10 Centesimi depicts the Italian shield,grain, oak leaves and a fasces. A personification of Italynext to a Roman fasces is on the reverse of the 20 Centesimi. The 5 Centesimi, 50 Centesimi, 1 and 2 Lire have designs incorporatingan eagle and a fasces. While many countries debased theircoins during the war, Italy continued to strike attractive coins usinghigh quality coinage medals. The 5 and 10 Centesimi arealuminum-bronze. The other coins are stainless steel.Production of the coins ceased in 1943 after King Victor Emanueldismissed Mussolini.

FIRST BANKNOTEOFNAZI OCCUPIED SERBIA

The first banknotes issued by the Germans after invaiding Serbia weremade by overprinting Yugoslavian banknotes they found in the vaults ofthe central bank. Perhaps it is telling that the Nazi's wouldput their ugly brown overprint on what was then one of the world'sprettiest banknotes. This 100 Dinar note dated May 1, 1941,less than a month after the Nazi invasion began. It isoverprinted on the 1929 Yugoslavia 100 Dinar banknotes. Thefront depicts young woman holding a sword. The back featuresa young man with a large garland of fruit.

ATTRACTIVE BANKNOTE OF NAZI GERMAN OCCUPIED SERBIA

On April 6, 1941 Axis Forces under Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia. They promptly conquered and divided the nation along ethniclines. Serbia was placed under the control of the Germanmilitary. Serbia issued some beautiful, multi-colorbanknotes while under Nazi German control. The notes were printed bythe Serbian Institute for Manufacturing Banknotes and Coins inBelgrade. The 500 Dinar dated November 11,1941 depicts a womanwithgold coin jewelry on the front and a bricklayer on the back. They are impressive, large size,colorful notes from a time when Serbia was under Nazi German occupation.

LAST BANKNOTE OF NAZIOCCUPIED SERBIA

The 100 Dinar note dated January 1, 1943 was the last note issued byNazi German occupied Serbia before it was liberated in 1944. The frontdepicts Saint Sava. Sava, known as the Enlightener,was a 13th century Serbian prince and monk who is considered one of themost important figures in Serbian history. The back depicts acornucopia spilling out fruit and a farmer with a pair ofoxen. The note has a watermark of a woman's head. It measures165 x 84mm.

WWIIFASCIST ROMANIA BANKNOTE

Romania came under the control of fascist dictator Ion Antonescu inSeptember 1940. The country officially joined the Axis powersin November 1940. It was a major participant in the invasionof the Soviet Union, contributing both troops and equipment, and was amajor supplier of oil for the German war machine. In 1943 theAllies began heavy bombing of Romania. The Soviet Union invaded in1944. Shortly thereafter young King Michael, whohad previously been little more than a figurehead, led a coup thatoverthrew Antonescu. Romania then joined the Allies. Soviet troopsquickly occupied Romania, even though Romania was now on the same sideas the Soviet Union. This Romanian 500 Lei note is datedbetween November 1940 and January 1943, the period when Romania wasunder the control of the fascists and supporting NaziGermany. The brown note depicts two female farmers carryinghoes on the front. The back features the Peles Castle. TheNeo-Renaissance castle was built as a royal residence for Carol I, thefirst king of modern Romania, between 1873 and 1914. Today itis a popular tourist attraction.

WORLD WAR II COINS OFVICHY FRANCE

VichyFrance was the collaborationist government set up by the Germans afterFrance was defeated by Germany in World War II. Itsadministrative capital was in the town of Vichy. Though itnominally ruled France, in reality it only controlled the south-easternportion of the country, while Germany controlled the rest. This threecoin set includes the 50 Centimes, 1 and 2 Francs of VichyFrance, also known as “Etat Francais” or French State. Thethree aluminum coins were struck in Nazi occupied Paris. Theycirculated in both the German occupied and Vichy controlled portions ofFrance. One side of the coin features a double-headed axeflanked by grain. The other side has the denomination flankedby oak leaves and the legend “TRAVAIL, FAMILLE, PATRIE”(“work, family, fatherland”). The legend replaced thetraditional motto of the French Republic “liberty, equality,fraternity”. The coins date from 1942 to 1944.

COIN OF THE NAZIPUPPETSTATE OFBOHEMIA & MORAVIA

TheNazis invaded Czechoslovakiain 1938, incorporating part of it intoGermany. In the western portion of what remained they createda puppet state called the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. FromBohemia and Moravia we offer the zinc 1 Korun coin that was struck from1941until 1944. One side depicts the Bohemian lion. Theother has Linden branches, the date and the denomination.

LAST COIN OF THEKINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA

This1938 10 Dinara isone of the last coins of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Theobverse of the 23mm nickel coin depicts the head of young King PeterII. The reverse has the royal crown, denomination and datewithin a wreath. Peter became king in 1934 at age 11 upon theassassination of his father, King Alexander I. Though he wasopposed to Nazi Germany, his regent signed a pact that alliedYugoslavia with the Nazis in 1941. Two days later a Britishsupported coup overthrew the regency and proclaimed the 17 year oldPeter to be of age and in control of Yugoslavia. Hitlerresponded by attacking and quickly conquering Yugoslavia. Peterescapedby climbing down a drainpipe. Hitler's attack of Yugoslavia divertedthe German army and delayed Operation Barbarossa, the Nazi invasion ofRussia by six weeks. The delay contributed to Germany's defeat due tothe harsh Russian winter. Peter was never able to returnto his homeland. He made his way to London, then after the war lived inthe United States, eventually working in a Los Angeles Savings and Loanbefore he died in Denver in 1970.

WORLDWAR II COIN OF SPAIN

ThoughFrancisco Franco and the Spanish Nationalists received heavyassistancefrom Hitler during the Spanish Civil War and the two were ideologicallysimilar, Spain never officially joined the Axis powers in World WarII. Spain provided volunteers to fight against Russia, butinsisted they not be used on the western front. Negotiations betweenHitler and Franco concerning Spain formally entering the war did not gowell, with Hitler reportedly saying 'I prefer to have three or fourofmy own teeth pulled out than to speak to that managain!'. This 1944 21mmaluminum-bronze Spanish 1Peseta depicts coat of arms of Spain on the obverse. Thereverse features the historical symbols of Spain around thedenomination: a pomegranate for Granada, four pallets forAragon, a castle of Castile, a lion for León, chains for Navarre and abundle of arrows for the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) whounited the country.

WWIIBELGIAN COIN STRUCK ON U.S. WAR CENT BLANK

In1944, in order to provide new coins for the newly liberated Belgium,and use up the excess blanks left over when the unpopular 1943 steelcent was discontinued, the US mint struck the new Belgium 2 Franc coinon unused steel cent blanks. The coins were struck for oneyearonly, perhaps because the Belgians disliked the coins as much as theAmericans did.

FIRST POST-WORLD WAR II COIN OFLUXEMBOURG

BeforeWorld War II Luxembourg was a neutral nation. In 1939 AdolfHitler promised to respect Luxembourg's sovereignty, however on May 9,1940 Germany invaded. The Luxembourg army of 425 soldiers and13 officers were not match against the powerful German Wehrmacht andthe country fell within hours. A forceful campaign of Germanization wasbegun and in 1942 Luxembourg was officially made part ofGermany. This 1946 1 Franc was one of the first coins issuedby Luxembourg after Germany's defeat in 1945. The design ofthe 23mm copper-nickel coin is similar to that of the pre-war 1Franc. The obverse features a bare-chested steelworker pokingat flames (occupational safety regulations were much looser then), inthe background smoke rises from smokestacks (pollution laws were alsomuch looser). The reverse features the crowned monogram ofGrand Duchess Charlotte.

LAST BRONZE JAPANESE 1 SENFORSHADOWS UPCOMING WAR

IIn1938 Japan intoduced a new design for their bronze 1 Sencoin. The obverse features the mythological crow called Yatagarasu, whichsybolizes a devine intervention into human affairs. The otherside features the Imperial Chrysanthemum seal, which signifies theEmperor at the top. The denomination is in themiddle. Atthe bottom is the Paulownia Flower, which is the seal of the civiliangovernment of Japan. The new coin replaced the previous 1 Senwhich featured only the Paulownia Flower. The coin is dated in the 13thyear of Emperor Hirohito's reign (Showa Era year 13). Whenthecoin was issued Japan had already invaded China and was gearing up formore war. Because copper was an important war material, thenewbronze coin had less copper than the previousissues. The23mm bronze coin was struck for less than a year before it was replacedwith an aluminum coin. The historic, old coin is inUncirculatedcondition, though may show a bit of toning.

COINS OF OCCUPIED JAPAN

Thisset includes two of the first coins Japan issued following its defeatin World War II, while it was under American occupation. They were someof the first Japanese coins to feature the denomination in westernnumerals. Both coins feature cherry blossoms, which signifies renewal,and the Imperial Chrysanthemum Seal representing the Emperor. Thealuminum 10 Sen was minted only in 1945 and 1946, before it wasdiscontinued due to inflation. One side features rice stalks and thedenomination in Japanese. The other side depicts a cherryblossom andthe denomination in western numerals. The brass 50 Sen wasstruck onlyin 1947 and 1948, before it too was discontinued due to a lack ofbuying power. The obverse features the denomination inJapanese withina wreath of cherry blossoms and the denomination in Japanese. Thedenomination in western numerals is on the reverse.

1938 CHINESEWARBOND DEPICTS AIR AND SEA BATTLES

This 1938 5 Dollar Chinese War bond include two wonderfulvignettes. One showing an aerial dogfight, the otherdepicting costalgun emplacements blasting ships offshore. The bond was issuedbyKwangtung Province of China in March 1938 to raise funds in a desperateattempt to stop the Japanese invasion of China. By the timethe bondswere issued, Japan had already begun an naval and aerial blockade ofCanton (now Guangzhou), the capital of Kwangtung Province (nowGuangzhou). Beijing, Shanghai and the national capital ofNanjing hadalready fallen to the Japanese. The defense of Canton failedand thecity fell to the Japanese in December 1938. The bonds are labeled inChinese '27th year Kwangtung Province National Defense Public Bond' andpaid a 4% interest. Only the first three coupons on each bondhavebeen clipped. The bond measures approximately 10.5'x12.5'(26x31.5cm)and is blue. It isan important item issued during the Japanese invasion of China.

JAPANESE MILITARY CURRENCYFOR CHINA

Japan issued Military Currency starting in 1938 for use inthe areas of China that they occupied. Because civilians were forced toaccept the Military Yen, which was not backed and could not beexchanged into Japanese Yen, it cost the Japanese government virtuallynothing to purchase whatever they wanted. The initial issues ofMilitary currency were created by overprinting Japanese homeland notesby putting a red line through the 'Bank of Japan Convertible SilverNote' at the front, another line through the Bank of Japan seal on theback putting four large 'Military Note' characters on bothsides. The next issue used modified homeland notes that didnot have the the Bank of Japan inscriptions or seals. Laternotes were issued for China with the inscription Imperial JapaneseGovernment without the Military note overprint. The50 Sen note depicts a dragon on the front and inscriptions on the back.

MENG CHIANGJAPANESE PUPPET BANK

Duringthe 1930's Japan conquered much of Northern China. The MengChiang Bank was a puppet bank established by the Japanese to providecurrency for the area between Mongolia and Manchukuo, known as InnerMongolia. In 1938 the Bank issued its only coin: acopper-nickel 5 Chiao. One side of the coin features a pair of stylizeddragons and the denomination. The other side has afloral design.

SCARCE MANCHUKUO1 CHIAO

In1931 Japan invaded the three north-eastern provinces of China and setup the nominally independent nation of Manchukuo. A puppet governmentwas set up under P’u-Yi, the last Emperor of China. In early1940 Manchukuo introduced a new 1 Chiao (10 Fen) coin. The21mm copper-nickel coin was smaller and thinner than the previous 1Chiao, and only 1mm larger than the copper-nickel 5 Fen. Thecoin was replaced later that year with a larger aluminum 1 Chiao, whichboth avoided confusion between the coins and saved copper and nickelfor the war effort. The coin is dated Year 7 in the Kang Teera. One side features two stylized winged horses. The other has the national emblem and the denomination in Chinese.

UNUSUAL FIBERCOINS FROM WWII JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF CHINA

Manchukuo was a Japanese puppet state carved out of Northeastern Chinaprior to World War II. Due to a severe metal shortage towardsthe end of the war, it issued these unusual 1 Fen and 5 Fen coinsstruck in a thick, red material rather than metal. The coins are datedin the year of the reign of Emperor Kang Te ofManchukuo. Kang Te was formerly known as Pu Yi, whowas the last Emperor of China until he was deposed in 1911. TheJapanese used him as the figurehead leader for Manchukuo. The1 Fen struck only a single year; 1945. The 5 Fen was struckin 1944 and 1945. Because the material used was relativelysoft, thecoins show considerable wear. These historic World War II coins aresome of the few circulating non-metallic coins of the 20th century.

JAPANESE INVASION OFTHE UNITED STATES?

When these notes issued by Japan started showing up duringWorld War II, many people took it as proof that Japan was about toconquer the United States and had already printed new currency for theUnited States. After all, the notes were clearly denominated in Dollaror Cents and had the words 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' in largeletters. The story was repeated so many times that manybelievedit must be true. Though the Japanese government did print thenotes, however they were for use in Malay, which Japan conquered byearly 1942, and not the United States. Like theUnitedStates, Malaya used dollars and cents. The Uncirculated 10Dollar notes pictures features bananas, breadfruit and coconuts on thefront and palm trees and a ship steaming in the horizon on theback. These are historic collector’s itemsrecallingJapan’s unsuccessful attempt to extend her empire across Asia in WorldWar II

WORLD WAR IIPHILIPPINE GUERRILLANOTES

To finance their activities fighting the Japanese during World War IIvarious guerrilla bands in the Philippines issued their own currency.The guerillas would set up currency boards which would issue notes.Anyone caught using the Japanese invasion money was severely punished.Generally, each province would have its own currency board. The namesof three members of the currency board would appear on eachnote, which was a very brave and brazen act of defiance against theJapanese invaders. The notes tend to be crude, as they were printedunder rather unfavorable conditions with limited resources. We arepleased to offer a set of 24 different World War II PhilippineGuerilla notes. The notes grade Very Good to VeryFine. These notes are a historic vestige of the braveFilipinos who fought against the Japanese in World War II.

LASTCENT OF THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES WAS FROM PHILADELPHIA

This1945 Netherlands East Indies cent was struck at the United States Mintin Philadelphia. It was expected that the coins would beneeded after the liberation if the Netherlands East Indies (nowIndonesia) from the Japanese. The 'P' mintmark is next to the date. The23.5mm bronze cent has a center hole, which was an unusual productionrequirement for the United States mint. The obverse depicts arice plant and the legends in Dutch. Indonesia gainedindependence shortly after World War II, bringing an end to Dutchrule.

WWIICANADA TOMBAC 1942 BEAVERAND 1943 VICTORY 5 CENTS

During1942, because nickel was needed for the war effort, Canada replaced thenickel 5 cent coin with one made of a brass alloy called Tombac. Thenew coins were 12-sided, making them even more distinctive. The newcoins kept the beaver reverse and King George VI thatwas on the previous coins. The coins were struck only a single year. OnJanuary 1, 1943 Canada released a new design for their 5-cent coin topromote the war effort of World War II. The reverse featured a large'V' behind a burning torch. The V both stood for Victory andthe denomination in Roman numerals). Even though the coin isnot made of nickel, it is often referred to as Canada's VNickel. Around the edge is the inscription in Morse codewhich reads 'WE WIN WHENWE WORK WILLINGLY'. Like the 1942 issue, thecoin is made of Tombac and depictes King George VI on theobverse. It too was struck only a single year. In1944 the Tombac allow was replaced with chrome-plated steel.

CANADA 2020 WORLDWAR II VICTORY2 DOLLAR COIN

Canadacommemorated the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II withcolored and un-colored versions of this 2020 2 Dollar coin. The coinshave similar reverse designs which were adapted from Canada's World War II era Victory 5 centcoins. The designs feature a torch and a large 'V'in the center. On the outer ring is the inscription 'WE WIN WHEN WEWORK WILLINGLY' in Morse code and the words Victory andRemember are inEnglish and French. At the top are two shifting images of amaple leaf within the line pattern. The obverse depicts theportrait of Queen Elizabeth II.

WORLD WAR IICANADIAN MEATRATION TOKEN

Meatwas rationed in Canada during World War II. Families receiveda ration booklet which allowed them to purchase a limited quantity ofrationed goods, including tea, coffee, sugar, butter, booze and meateach week. Each weekly meat ration coupon was good for 2pounds of meat. The problem was that many did not haverefrigeration at home, so they would either forfeit the whole couponfor a lesser amount of meat, or buy their full amount and risk it goingbad before it could be used. In 1945 the Canadian governmentfinally wised up and issued meat ration tokens that were good for alesser quantity of meat. Each token was worth 1/8 of a meat rationcoupon (1/4 pound of meat), so if someone bought less than their fullration of meat the tokens could be given out to be usedlater. If one bought half their weekly ration of meat, theywould receive four tokens for later use. The 22mm blue tokenis struck on a heavy blue cardboard with a center hole. Both sides havethe same design with the words 'CANADA- RATION MEAT - VIANDE' and twomaple leaves.

UNCIRCULATEDWORLD WAR II COINS OF MEXICO

World War II was a time of prosperityfor Mexico. Its minerals were much in demand for the wareffort. Many Mexicans went to the north to work inagriculture to cover for the shortage farm labor in the UnitedStates. These Uncirculated 5 Centavos bronze 5 Centavos aredated 1944 and 1945, during the height of Mexico’sprosperity. The 25.5mm bronze coins depict Josefa Ortiz DeDominguez, one of the hero’s of Mexico’s War of Independence. Behindher head is the Mexico City mintmark. The other sidefeatures Mexico’s national emblem of an eagle on a cactus eatinga snake. It is an attractive coin that is quite reasonablypriced considering it is over 70 years old and still in it’s originalmint condition.

WORLD WAR II COINS OF BOLIVIASTRUCK AT THE PHILADELPHIA MINT

Thisthree-coin set includes the zinc 10 and 20 Centavos and bronze 50Centavos dated 1942. The coins were struck at the UnitedStates mint in Philadelphia. The three coins havesimilar designs. The obverses depict the Bolivian arms whichfeature the Potosi mountain silver mine and an alpaca. Thereverses have a caduceus, the denomination and date. During World WarII Bolivia's mines supplied much needed tin to the Allies. Bolivia didnot declare war on Germany until 1943, by which time it wasbecoming clear that the Axis powers were losing the war. Bolivia didnot send troops, ships or airplanes overseas to fight thewar.

ALLIEDLEADERS OFWORLD WAR II

Winston Churchill servedas Prime Minister of Great Britain during theWorld War II years of 1940 to 1945. His speeches and radio broadcastshelped inspire British confidence, especially during the difficultearly years of the war when Britain stood almost alone against NaziGermany. He was honored after his death in 1965 on theBritish 5 Shillings coin (1 Crown). It was the first Britishcoin to portray a commoner since the 1650’s and it was the last 5Shilling coin ever struck by Great Britain. The obverse of the 38.6mmcopper-nickel coin has Mary Gillick’s portrait of young QueenElizabeth. The reverse portrays a rough portrait ofChurchill.
Dwight David Eisenhowerwas a five-star general in the United StatesArmy during World War II and served as Supreme Allied Commander inEurope. He led the invasion of North Africa in 1942–43 and thesuccessful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. Heserved as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to1961. He is portrayed on the large 38.1mm copper-nickel cladUnited States Dollar coin issued in 1976 to commemorae tehbi-centennial of theUnited States and the smaller26.5mm 2015 United States Presidential “GoldenDollar”. The 1976 large dollar commemorates thebi-centennialof the United States. Below Eisenhower is the double dates1776-1976. The reverse depicts the Liberty Bell and the Moon.The Eisenhower Presidential dollar features the Statue of Liberty onthe reverse. The date, mintmark and legends are on the edgeof the coin. The Eisenhower Presidential Dollar was notreleased into circulation but was only available from the mint at apremium. Despite the coins coming directly from the originalmint bags,mostcoins have nicks or bagmarks. The large coins are some ofthe leastexpensive crown-sized coins available, and honor two great leaders ofWorld War II.

TAIWAN CELEBRATESLIBERATION FROM JAPAN

Afterseveral unsuccessful attempts to gain control of Taiwan (Formosa),Japan took the island from China in 1895 as a result of China's defeatin the First Sino-Japanese War. Upon Japan's defeat in 1945in World War II, China regained control of Taiwan. In 1995the Republic of China, (now commonly called Taiwan), commemorated the50th Anniversary of its liberation from Japan. The 26mmcopper-nickel 10 Yuan coin features a map of Taiwan and the dates 19451995.

PORTUGUESE TIMORHONORS WORLD WARII HERO

Portuguese Timor, now the independent nation of East Timor, honoredtheir World War II hero Dom Aleixo Corte-Real on this 1967 20 Escudosnote. A vignette and watermark of him wearing an impressivefeather crown appears on the front of the note. He is the only nativeto be honored on a banknote of Portuguese Timor and one of the onlyWorld War II heroes to be honored on a banknote anywhere. AleixoCorte-Real, also known as Dom Aleixo Timorese was born in1886. In 1912 he became the Liurai (chief) of the region ofAinaro. He was a strong supporter of the Portuguese rule ofTimor. The Japanese invaded Portuguese Timor in 1942, eventhough Portugal was a neutral country during the war. He leda major revolt against the Japanese until he was captured in1943. He refused to denounce the Portuguese flag, for whichhe and his family were killed by the Japanese. Theback of the note includes the Portuguese Imperial Arms and the seal ofthe Banco National Ultramarino which features a sailing ship. The notemeasures 135 x 75mm and has a solid security thread. Because PortugueseTimor was a small, isolated colony its notes aredifficult to find. The note is Uncirculated, but has minorbrown stains from storage in the tropics.

WORLDWAR II COMMEMORATIVE FROM ASCENSION ISLAND

AscensionIsland commemorated the 80th Anniversary of the start ofWorld War II with this copper-nickel 1 Crown. An airbase wasconstructed on the island during the war for patroloperations. The base was called 'wideawake' because of anearby colony of noisy terns. The coin features threesoldiers with tanks and war vehicles, ships and Lancaster airplanes inthe background. Queen Elizabeth is on the obverse. The 38.6mm coin hasa maximum mintage of 10,000 pieces.

SAIPANHONORS WORLD WAR II BATTLE

Saipanis now part of the Commonwealth of the Northern MarianaIslands. In World War II it was the site of one of thebloodiest and most strategic battles in the Pacific. Saipanwas Japanese territory and one of the last line of defenses before thehomeland. An estimated 29,000 Japanese soldiers and 20,000 civiliansdied trying to defend the island. 3,426 Americans died and 10,364 werewounded. The loss of Saipan was a major blow to Japan. American B-29bombers were now within striking range of mainland Japanand the Philippines. The obverse unofficial 2019 Saipan 5Dollar coin depicts the emblem of the Commonwealth of Northern MarianaIslands. The reverse features a Marine in front of a wavingAmerican flag and the dates of the Battle ofSaipan. The 40mm eight-sided silver-plated Proofcoin has a mintage of only 160 pieces.


ALSO SEE:
GERMAN COINS & CURRENCY PAGE
NAZICOINS PAGE
JAPANESE COINS &CURRENCY PAGE

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RUSSIAWWII CITIES OF MILITARY GLORY COINS
For a great selection of aviationart, including World War II and autographed art, please visit:VirginiaBader Fine Arts (vbader.com)

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